Petroleum Microbiology: The Role of Microorganisms in the Transition to Net Zero Energy Table of contents : Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Foreword Preface Editors Contributors Section I: Introduction Chapter 1: Petroleum Microbiology’s Metamorphosis: Expert Insights on the Energy Transition Section II: Microbial Ecology of Energy Systems Chapter 2: Impact of Microbial Biofilms on Subsurface Energy Systems: From Oil and Gas to Renewable Energy 2.1 Biofilm Formation in Subsurface Environments 2.2 Impacts of Biofilm Formation in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs 2.2.1 Biofilms and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 2.2.2 Biofilms-induced Clogging and Potential Use for CO2 Storage 2.2.3 Surface Effects of Biofilms – Wettability Alteration 2.3 Potential Effects on Underground H2 Storage 2.4 Mitigation and Treatment of Biofilms 2.5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Biofilm Research Conflict of Interest References Chapter 3: Microbial Control and Sustainability: Can Managing Microorganisms Improve the Environmental Footprint of Oil and Gas Operations? 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Assurance of Containment: Control of Microbial-influenced Corrosion (MIC) 3.3 Biogenic Methane Release from Reservoirs 3.4 Reservoir Souring 3.5 Application and Discharge of Biocides 3.6 Conclusions References Section III: Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) and Souring Chapter 4: Effects of High Salinity PWRI Practice on Sulfidogenesis and Microbially Influenced Corrosion 4.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 4.2 Summary of Methods 4.2.1 Incubations 4.2.2 Analytical Procedure 4.2.3 DNA Sequencing and Bioinformatics 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Effects of High Salinity PWRI Practice on Sulfidogenesis and Sulphate Reduction 4.3.2 Timeframes for Sulphide Depletion, Maximum Rate of Sulphide Depletion, and Maximum Concentration of Sulphide Depleted 4.3.2.1 Thermal Gradient Impact on Rates of Sulphide Depletion 4.3.2.2 Time to Reach a Sulphide Depletion of 2mM 4.3.2.3 Maximum Sulphide Depletion 4.3.3 Methanogenesis in High Salinity PWRI Practice 4.3.4 Gravimetric Analyses, Surface Morphology, and Surface Elemental Composition of Corrosion Coupons 4.3.5 Microbial Community Analysis 4.3.5.1 Overview of Microbial Community Dynamics for Thermal Gradient (15°C–60°C) Incubations at Different Salinities 4.3.5.2 Detailed Analysis of Microbial Community Dynamics for River Tyne Sediment Inoculum 4.3.5.3 Detailed Analysis of Microbial Community Dynamics for the North Sea Water Production System Thermal Gradient (15°C–60°C) 4.3.5.4 Detailed Analysis of Microbial Community Dynamics for the Arabian Gulf Water Production System Thermal Gradient (15°C–60°C) 4.4 Discussion 4.4.1 Trends in Microbial Communities Coupled with Electron Acceptor to VFA Stoichiometry 4.4.2 Salinity Effect on Sulphate Reduction, Sulfidogenesis, and Methanogenesis from (ISW:PW) – Microbial Dynamics Perspective 4.4.3 Impact of Salinity on Halanaerobium sp. Enrichments 4.4.4 Impact of Salinity and Temperature on Halanaerobium sp. Enrichments 4.4.5 Estuarine River Tyne Sediments Microbial Processes 4.4.6 Implications of Halanaerobium sp. in Oil and Gas Industry Processes and Practices 4.4.7 Halanaerobium sp. S-species Respiratory Pathways 4.4.8 Halanaerobium sp.-Induced Microbial Contamination and Control Mechanisms 4.4.9 The Relevance of Other Microbial sp. Enrichments under PWRI Physicochemical Parameters 4.4.10 The Observed Pitting Nucleations 4.5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 5: Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Produced Water 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and Methods 5.2.1 In vitro MIC Experiment 5.2.2 Corrosion Rate Measurements 5.2.3 DNA Extraction 5.2.4 16S rRNA Gene Analysis 5.2.5 Metabolite Extraction 5.2.6 Metabolomic Analysis 5.2.7 Integrated Analysis of Microbiome and Metabolome Data 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Corrosion Rate 5.3.2 Microbial Community Analysis 5.3.3 Metabolomic Analysis 5.3.4 Correlation between Microbial Community and Metabolomic Data 5.4 Discussion Acknowledgments References Section IV: Subsurface Reservoir Microbiome and Hydrocarbon Degradation Chapter 6: The Ecological Interactions of Microbial Co-occurrence in Oil Degradation: The Intra- and Interspecies Relationships in Hydrocarbon Metabolism 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Microbial Interactions Intra- and Interspecies Relationships 6.3 The Relationship between Oil Spills on Soil and Its Microbiome 6.4 Conclusion References Section V: Microbial Based Emerging Technologies in Energy Systems Chapter 7: Improved MIC Management Using Multiple Lines of Evidence Drives Movement toward Sustainability: A Case Study in Heavy Oil Production 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Historical Overview of MIC issues in Heavy Oil Production 7.2.1 Field Overview 7.2.2 Production Wells 7.2.3 Production Facilities 7.2.4 Physical-Chemical Characteristics 7.2.5 Past Corrosion Issues and Failures 7.2.6 Monitoring and Mitigation Strategies 7.3 Detailed Assessment of Corrosion Mechanisms and Conclusions 7.3.1 Sampling Strategy 7.3.2 Results of Corrosion Assessment in the Production Wells 7.3.3 Results of Corrosion Assessment in the Produced Water Treatment 7.3.4 Results of Corrosion Assessment in the Injection Water 7.3.5 Conclusions of the Corrosion Assessment 7.4 Recommendations for Future Monitoring and Mitigation 7.5 Applying This Strategy to Other Engineered Environments and Assets References Chapter 8: Halophyte-based Biocides for Mitigation of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) in Industrial Water Systems 8.1 Halophytes and the Problem of Soil Salinization 8.2 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 8.3 The Use of Multiple Biocides and the “Hurdle Effect” 8.4 Natural Biocides 8.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment Notes Bibliography Chapter 9: Response of a Model Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Community to Biocide Challenge 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Materials and Methods 9.2.1 Bioreactor Setup and Components 9.2.2 Bioreactor Inoculation, Operation, and Sampling 9.2.3 Microbial Growth Testing 9.2.3.1 Optical Density 9.2.3.2 ATP Activity 9.2.3.3 DNA Extraction, Concentration, and Cleaning 9.2.3.4 Quantitative PCR 9.2.4 Community Composition Verification 9.2.5 MDREP Ratio Calculations and Statistics 9.3 Results and Discussion 9.3.1 THPS Trial 9.3.1.1 Growth Monitoring 9.3.1.2 MDREP Ratio 9.3.2 BAC Trial 9.3.2.1 Growth Monitoring 9.3.2.2 MDREP Ratio 9.3.2.3 Community Composition 9.4 Conclusions References Section VI: Future Perspectives on Microorganisms in the Energy Transition Chapter 10: Future Perspectives: Where Do We Go from Here? 10.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 10.2 Renewable Energy Sources: Solar Energy and Photovoltaics 10.2.1 Future Perspectives of Solar Energy and Photovoltaic 10.3 Renewable Energy Sources: Wind Energy 10.3.1 Physics of Wind Turbines 10.3.2 Types of Wind Turbines 10.3.2.1 Three Blade Horizontal Wind Turbine 10.3.2.2 Vertical Wind Turbine 10.3.2.3 Bladeless Wind Turbines 10.3.2.4 Hybrid Wind Turbines (Wind and Solar Energy) 10.3.3 The Tower of Wind Turbines 10.3.4 The Foundation of the Wind Turbines 10.3.5 Offshore Equipment 10.3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy 10.4 Renewable Energy Sources: Hydro Power 10.4.1 Macro- and Micro-organisms in Hydropower Systems 10.5 Renewable Energy Sources: Bioenergy 10.5.1 Biogas 10.5.2 Biofuels 10.5.3 Solid Bioenergy (Biomass) 10.6 Renewable Energy Sources: Geothermal Energy 10.6.1 Geological Foundations 10.6.1.1 Earth’s Internal Structure 10.6.2 Heat (Source, Mechanism of Transfer, Spatial Distribution) 10.6.2.1 Source 10.6.2.2 Mechanism of Transfer 10.6.2.3 Spatial Distribution 10.6.3 Geothermal Systems and Their Utilization 10.6.3.1 High-Enthalpy Systems 10.6.3.2 Low-Enthalpy Systems 10.6.3.3 Power Generation 10.6.3.3.1 Direct Use 10.6.4 Geothermal Energy and Microbiology 10.6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy 10.7 How to Store Renewable Energy? 10.7.1 Electric Power Storage 10.7.2 Underground Natural Geological Storage Systems 10.8 Concluding Remarks: The Role of Microbiology in the Energy Transition References Index